![]() Kleinman S: The significance of HIV-1-indeterminate western blot results in blood donor populations. N Engl J Med 322:217–222, 1990ĭodd RY, Fang CT: The western immunoblot procedure for HIV antibodies and its interpretation. Jackson JB, MacDonald KL, Cadwell J, et al.: Absence of HIV infection in blood donors with indeterminate Western blot tests for antibody to HIV-1. Nusbacher J, Naiman R: Longitudinal follow-up of blood donors found to be reactive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA+) but negative by western blot (WB-). Leitman SF, Klein HG, Melpolder JJ, et al.: Clinical implications of positive tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in asymptomatic blood donors. Kleinman SH, Niland JC, Azen SP, et al.: Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among blood donors prior to screening. AIDS 2:287–290, 1988ĭock NL, Lamberson HV, O'Brien TA, Tribe DE, Alexander SS, Poiesz BJ: Evaluation of atypical human immunodeficiency virus immunoblot reactivity in blood donors. Lefrere J-J, Courouce A-M, Lucotte G, et al.: Follow-up of subjects with isolated and persistent anti-core (anti-p24 or anti-p17) antibodies to HIV. Van der Poel CL, Lelie PN, Reesink HW, van Exel-Oehlers PJ, Tersmette M, van den Akker R, Gonzalves M, Huisman JG: Blood donors with indeterminate anti-p24 gag reactivity in HIV-1 Western blot: Absence of infectivity to transfused patients and in virus culture. Wolinsky SM, Rinaldo CR, Kwok S, et al.: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection a median of 18 months before a diagnostic Western blot: Evidence from a cohort of homosexual men. Imagawa DT, Lee MH, Wolinsky SM, et al.: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in homosexual men who remain seronegative for prolonged periods. Horsburgh CR Jr, Ou CY, Jason J, et al.: Duration of human immunodeficiency virus infection before detection of antibody. JAMA 260:674–679, 1988Ĭenters for Disease Control: Interpretation and use of the western blot assay for serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. Ann Intern Med 103:726–729, 1985Ĭonsortium for Retrovirus Serology Standardization: Serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection by Western blot testing. Petricciani JC: Licensed tests for antibody to human T-lymphotrophic virus type III: Sensitivity and specificity. Kline RI, Brothers TA, Brookmeyer R, Zeger S, Quinn TC: Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in population surveys using pooled sera. Polymerase chain reaction analysis is clearly of value in providing confirmation of the low probability of infection in this group, although in patients who do become infected, detection by this test may not always precede diagnosis by serologic methods.Ĭenters for Disease Control: Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: A review of current knowledge. ELISA-negative, Western blot-indeterminate individuals from a high-risk group show marked variability in immunoblot findings over time, and these patterns do not appear predictive of an increased likelihood of infection. Two individuals evolved from an indeterminate to a positive Western blot and, simultaneously, from a negative to a positive polymerase chain reaction analysis, during follow-up. By all other criteria including polymerase chain reaction analysis, samples from 17 of 19 individuals remained negative for HIV-1 at each time point. No individual pattern appeared predictive of an increased likelihood of subsequent seroconversion to HIV-1 relative to controls. Specific Western blot reactivity was dependent upon the particular immunoblot preparation being used and varied considerably on a longitudinal basis. Reactivities with p24 and/or with p55 were the two most commonly observed Western blot patterns, occurring in 70% of individuals. Results showed that 19 of 20 study subjects completed a mean of 17.0 months of clinical and laboratory follow-up. Subjects were 20 ELISA-negative, Western blot indeterminate homosexual volunteers and 20 matched seronegative controls. A 2-year prospective study used serial ELISA, two types of Western blot, immunologic profiles, HIV-1 culture, and analysis by polymerase chain reaction. Our objective was to map serial patterns of Western blot reactivity over time of a cohort of initially ELISA-negative, Western blot-indeterminate individuals from a high-risk group and to determine if these individuals were at increased risk of harboring occult HIV-1 infection.
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